Dick Williams: "The food that wed got, breaking open these compo rations was just not right for these people theirstomachs just couldnt take anything. The "residence camp" was in operation from April 1943 until April 1945, and was composed of four subcamps: the "special camp" (Sonderlager), the "neutrals camp" (Neutralenlager), the "star camp" (Sternlager), and the "Hungarian camp" (Ungarnlager). World War 2 History on Instagram: "After Bergen-Belsen was liberated on With an initially small group of British army personnel, he arrived at a plan of triage that would give the best chance of survival to the greatest number.. The daylight was clouded over by a heavy acrid haze owing to skeletal humans from hell burning what infected and sodden materials they could scrounge. This motivatedmany soldierstovisit and see it for themselves. 32nd Casualty Clearing Station (CCS) and 11th Light Field Ambulance were among the first medical units to arrive at Bergen-Belsen after its liberation. It tried 44 men and women who had worked at Belsen. Fort Stanwix. Between 400 to 500 died each day after liberation - the task faced by the British . Learn how your comment data is processed. Belsen: Seventy Years On | History Today Dick Williams: "But we went further on into the camp, and seen these corpses lying everywhere. Bergen-Belsen, one of Nazi Germany's more infamous concentration camps, was opened in April 1943. . Charleston, Ninety Six, Eutaw Springs; sent to Jamaica in 1782. Icon of 1960s Britain: Who Was Mary Quant? Penobscot. 14th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1775 (Virginia). Initially this was an "exchange camp", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German . Transferred north and fought in the New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, Brandywine, and Monmouth Court House. As their health improved, survivors were sent to pick out new clothes from a supply store nicknamed 'Harrods'. And when they made enquiries they were told that they were from a Political Prison Camp at Belsen. I knew nothing of what had been going on. The detainees are brought food, water an. You just couldnt believe the numbers involved This was one of the things which struck me when I first went in, that the whole camp was so quiet and yet there were so many people there. Lake Champlain and elements participated in Burgoynes Campaign (captured at Saratoga). If a person could stand he was well, if he couldnt stand he was ill. 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in Qubec in 1776. Siege of Boston, Bunker Hill, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, Monmouth Court House. As a soldier it was my duty to follow the orders I was given. In fact, the Army rations had a negative effect on the weakened prisoners - their malnourished bodies could not cope as the foodwas so much richer than what they were used to. This is a list of people who held general officer rank or the rank of brigadier (together now recognized as starred officers) in the British Army, Royal Marines, British Indian Army or other military force. Transferred south and fought at Portsmouth, Green Spring, and Yorktown (captured). Bergen-Belsen "was not a name one ever forgot and became a place of horror long before Auschwitz". When the 11th Armoured Division entered the camp, its soldiers were totally unprepared for what they found. Tauris Publishers in association with European Jewish Publication Society, 1997. Aiding the living was a major task. Long Island, Fort Washington, Philadelphia Campaign, Brandywine, Monmouth Court House, Charleston, Guilford Court House, Green Spring, and surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia. 54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1776 (North Carolina). In the huts themselves, equally, you didnt know who was dead and who was alive unless they made, there was some movement you couldsee, because the dead and the living were all together they hadnt the energy to take the dead outand there were so many piled outside as I say that it was hard to see, to pick out the dead from the living". Charleston, transferred north, and fought in the New York Campaign. Unlike the pessimistic army psychiatrist who came to assess the situation, Hughes believed that a large proportion would again become reasonable citizens. He marveled at the constructive activities of still-grieving survivors. List of British generals and brigadiers | Military Wiki | Fandom Siege of Boston, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, and Monmouth Court House. Thus, while the German government placed the Bergen-Belsen camp complex within the concentration camp system, the WVHA initially gave it a special designation. Some were green. Bergen Belsen Liberation and the Subsequent Humanitarian Effort April 1945 Watch on 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry): Arrived in America in1774 (Boston). Reorganized in 1776 into other units. After that,they would be allowed to march back to their own lines with their weapons. During its existence, approximately 50,000 persons died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp complex including Anne Frank and her sister Margot. Split up during the war, with some companies serving in the West Indies where they fought in Honduras, Nicaragua, and at St. Vincent. Siege of Boston, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, Brandywine, Germantown, Whitemarsh, Monmouth Court House, Stony Point, Charleston, Camden, Guilford Court House, and the Siege of Yorktown (captured). After British soldiers liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, they forced. Siege of Boston and Long Island. +44 (0)20 7611 2222info@wellcomecollection.org, Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hughes' leadership in the days and weeks after the liberation had been appreciated by hundreds of victims of Hitler's scourge, as . Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, and the lack of adequate food, water, and shelter led to an outbreak of diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and dysentery, causing an ever increasing number of deaths. The German envoy explained that diseases such as typhus were endemic there. 3 Soon after liberation, Bergen-Belsen gained international notoriety as a site of Nazi mass murder. 10. The Regiment of Foot served as a backbone of the British army. Image Credit: No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Oakes, H (Sgt) / Imperial War Museum / Public Domain. ISBN -7126-6764-4. Transferred to Charleston in 1779 and fought at Eutaw Springs. Bardgett, Suzanne, and David Cesarani, editors. Lost in the romanticized history of the Revolution is the discipline it took to be a soldier in the British Army. We would like to establish the Names of British soldiers who liberated Belsen. Belsen, near Hanover in Germany, is the first concentration camp to be liberated by the British. Throughout this time, the Army also had to organise the burial of those prisoners who had died of disease or starvation 15,000 in total. Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, Siege of Boston, and New London. Later, a special military tribunal was convened between 17 September and 17 November 1945 in Lneburg. Anne Frank was one of the people deported to Bergen-Belsen. Transferred to the West Indies in 1782. WARNING: DISTRESSING FOOTAGE. Eager to form families, they averaged 6 weddings a day for the rest of the year. This started to be quite it seemed to us with what we got, that was the best we could do, so we did that and those that could come to the cookhouses, we fed them from the cookhouses and eventually we started trying to take that service back out to those who couldnt even get that far. Harry Oakes: "About that time the chaps attached to 11th Armoured Division had seen a staff car come up to headquarters one day with a German officer, or two German officers I believe, blindfolded. You didnt know whether they were living or dead. April 1945. In other parts of the camp there were hundreds of bodies lying around, in many cases piled five or six high. The Road to the Crown - Elizabeth I's Coronation Procession, Built by a Giantess? 29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1768 (Boston). Transferred to Charleston in 1779 and fought at Blackstocks Plantation, Hobkirks Hill, and Eutaw Springs. The huge influxes of prisoners following the death marches of early 1945 meant that conditions within the camp were extremely inhumane. The Siege of Boston, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, and Monmouth Court House. We will send you the latest TV programmes, podcast episodes and articles, as well as exclusive offers from our shop and carefully selected partners. Thousands of bodies lay unburied around the camp and some 60,000 starving and mortally ill people were packed together without food, water . In autumn of 1945 a British Military Tribunal in Lneburg tried 48 members of the Bergen-Belsen staff, including 37 SS personnel and eleven prisoner functionaries. One of the signs was soon stolen. Beneath the eloquent and composed demeanour of the first witness was a man of great heart. Fought in Burgoynes Campaign (captured at Saratoga). Here he reflects on the importance of talking about what he saw and of survivors sharing their experiences. William Arthur Wood: "Wed been trained for war wounded, we were used to terrible wounds, especially in my case as I say with the facial wounds that always seemed worse than a lot of the others, and that wed been trained for how to behave and how to work. Nineteen other defendants were convicted and sentenced to prison terms; the tribunal acquitted fourteen. I saw a few, possibly the remainders of those that were fit enough to be put into a hospital but I didnt see many of the actual people. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from 45th (Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1775 (Boston). List of British Army, Red Cross, etc., units at Belsen Concentration Camp, May 1945, with an account of achievements in clearing the camp and nursing its inmates, produced for the benefit of newly-arrived British army personnel Date: 1945 Reference: RAMC/1502 Part of: Royal Army Medical Corps Muniments Collection Archives and manuscripts Online His plan was to declare it an open area, thereby avoiding any fighting that might allowthe inmates to escape and spread disease to soldiers of both sides as well as local civilians. After it was turned over to the SS, it became a Nazi concentration camp in 1943. Fort St. John, Forts Clinton and Montgomery, Philadelphia Campaign, and Monmouth Court House. Within a half-hour, she got what she needed to perform the operation. British soldiers had a leading role in this, helping to hunt war criminals, rebuild industry and help displaced persons. In April 1945, he was a staff captain in the Supplies and Transport branch of VIII Corps Headquarters and was part of a small force sent forward to assess conditions in the camp. And having got rid of the dead you then made a sort of so say ward round to try and do what you could for the remainder, all of whom had diarrhoea, or the vast majority had diarrhoea. Be the first to hear about our latest events, exhibitions and offers. Over 60,000 starving and extremely ill people had been left in the camp by the Nazis. The Siege of Boston. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. The prisoners health needed to be monitored, and their diets steadily improved; a special gastric diet for those on the verge of starvation was implemented, adapted from the experience of the Bengal Famine in 1943. It was in a location south of the small towns of Bergen and Belsen, about 11 miles north of Celle, Germany. Siege of Boston and New York Campaign. Also served in garrison duty at Halifax. Belsen had been, at one time, a place where prominent Jews were kept under relatively humane conditions; I think Himmler had in mind keeping them in his pocket for exchanges with the Allies. Major Winwood, JosefKramer's defence, addresses himat the trial, September 1945. Foe to Friend Simply enter your email address below to start receiving our monthly email newsletter. Transferred to Qubec in 1779. She begged him for water and disinfectant. Market Garden remains one of the Second World Wars most famous battles. Both died in the camp in February or March 1945. Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp - History Learning Site This bloody struggle eventually ended in the final defeat of Nazi Germany. We heard about atrocities, which are bantered backwards and forwards, but we didnt realise really what it was, and then it was just after that, that all the rest of it came about, other camps just like Belsen. The Mental Health Impact of World War Two on British Sailors, Hitler vs Stalin: The Battle for Stalingrad, How Rome Became the Sole Superpower in the Mediterranean, Charles Martel: A Heroic Leader of Medieval Europe. Major Dick Williams was one of the first British soldiers to enter Bergen-Belsen. 37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1776 (North Carolina). Many prisoners had been moved to Belsen from other concentration camps on a series of death marches as the Allies advanced on Germany, among them members of the Boys. And, as I say, we drove up in two, three jeeps, four jeeps maybe, in the evening, and we saw this concentration camp that we believed was a 46th (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1776 (North Carolina). No shots would be fired in its vicinity. Why Did Shakespeare Paint Richard III as a Villain? Lisez Necropolis en Ebook sur YouScribe - Boris Pahor spent the last fourteen months of World War II as a prisoner and medic in the Nazi camps at Bergen-Belsen, Harzungen, Dachau and Natzweiler-Struthof.Livre numrique en Savoirs Religions Most of what we had was captured German equipmentThere was very, very little in the way of medication or equipment. Additionally, there was a Soviet prisoner-of-war camp attached, theinmates of which were also in an appalling state. It had seemed a miracle to the rescuers that an emaciated person who could barely move a muscle would weeks later begin to look human again, regaining the ability to stand, walk and display her true personality. The British began investigating what had happened at Belsen immediately after the liberation of the camp. Eventually, more than 37 units of the British Second Army, as well as units from other Allied armies, volunteer organizations, and physicians from France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia, were involved in rescue efforts at Bergen-Belsen. 84th Regiment of Foot (1st Battalion: Royal Highland Emigrants; 2nd Battalion: Young Royal Highlanders): Organized in North America, comprised of Provincial Loyalists and French and Indian War British veterans who had settled in Canada and New York. While many soldiers had expressed sympathy for the plight of ordinary Germans as they moved through their shattered towns and cities, Belsen led to a hardening of feeling. 18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1774 (Boston). Fought in the Siege of Boston, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, and Monmouth Court House. To find out more about how we collect, store and use your personal information, read our Privacy Policy. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Reorganized in 1776. As the Allies advanced across Europe at the end of theSecond World War, they came across concentration camps filled with sick and starving prisoners. But the horror of what was endured at Belsen will never be forgotten. Many of the photographers and cameramen present at the liberation of Bergen-Belsen were tough, hardened by their own experiences of combat. During 1944-45, the Allies endured months of fighting against a determined enemy. Yet back in Britain, and even amongsome sections of the Army, there was doubt that what had been reported from Belsen was true. He personally, ever after, expressed reverence for the Belsen martyrs. There was not a blade of grass. 55th (Westmoreland) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1775 (Boston). Transferred to East Florida in 1778 and St. Kitts in 1779. But we knew immediately that it wasnt a typhus hospital.". It was reported that he owned property that his son, Phillip II never claimed. Personnel serving in the British occupation zone were able to watch the trial from the public gallery. List of members of the British Free Corps - Wikipedia The British Army Medical Corps set up a hospital at the site, where they assisted in the physical rehabilitation of the former prisoners The 21-year-old wireless operator with the 15th/19th King's Royal Hussars was among the first British troops to reach the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northern Germany 75 years ago this. 21st Regiment of Foot (Royal North British Fusiliers): Arrived in Qubec in 1776. Sent to Savannah in 1778 and fought at Briar Creek, Stono Ferry, Augusta, Savannah, Charleston, Camden, Cowpens, Guilford Court House, Green Spring, and Yorktown (captured). Participated in Burgoynes Campaign (captured at Saratoga). They were all, or most of them, lying in pools of vomit and faeces and urine. More than a hundred international journalists had reported on the trial and broadcast the evidence to the wider world. Gilbert King remembers the moment he entered the camp. Fought in Quebec, the Hudson Valley, and in the Southern Theater at Charleston and Eutaw Springs. As Allied and Soviet forces advanced into Germany in late 1944 and early 1945, Bergen-Belsen became a collection camp for thousands of Jewish prisoners evacuated from camps closer to the front. 10th (The North Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1774 (Boston). The commander of the British relief effort at Belsen, Brigadier H. L. Glyn Hughes, in his caravan at Bergen-Belsen. Bergen-Belsen after liberation. On the warm and misty afternoon of 15 April 1945, Brigadier H. L. Glyn Hughes, Deputy Director of Medical Services of the British Second Army, followed the 63rd Anti-Tank Regiment into Bergen-Belsen, a concentration camp in northwest Germany. These were from 63 Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Taylor. When the rescuers ran out of blankets to wrap around inmates stripped of lice-infested clothing, it seemed that evacuation from the Horror Camp to the hospital might be delayed. What his men discovered were scenes of utter horror: thousands suffering from starvation, decomposing human remains and a site devoid of grass, food and sanitation. They were made to, they got a lorry and they had to start this lorry without using the self-starter in the morning and physically pick up the Outside the camp, the British put up signs in English and German to mark the scale of what had been done. Among the British troops closest to this area were the soldiers of 11th Armoured Division. Reconnaissance, including Special Air Service patrols and groups from 20th Armoured Brigade, had verified the camps presence. A relief worker helps former prisoners select new items of clothing from supplies provided by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 16-17 May 1945. Once former skeletons shed their dirty rags and obtained German garments from the newly established clothing center, they carried themselves differently. Split into two units and transferred to East Florida and Nova Scotia in 1778. Until 1943, Bergen-Belsen was exclusively a prisoner-of-war (POW) camp. Washington, DC 20024-2126 The Nazis also enslaved and killed other groups who they perceived as racially, biologically or ideologically inferior or dangerous. Lewis Stagnetto, 317 FSS, Intelligence Corps. Following their victory over Nazi Germany in 1945, the Allies were faced with administering a country in ruins. Nearly 100 British medical students arrived at Bergen-Belsen in May 1945 to assist with the relief effort. Norna Alexander was a nurse with 29th British General Hospital, which arrived at Bergen-Belsen just over a month after its liberation. After a feast, 100 guests including British officers, Red Cross volunteers and survivors of various nationalities danced to a military band. Lake Champlain, Burgoynes Campaign (captured at Saratoga). 22nd (The Cheshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1775 (Boston). Fort St. John, Chambly, Qubec, Forts Clinton and Montgomery, Philadelphia Campaign, Monmouth Court House, Charleston, and Cowpens;split into two sections and assigned to Savannah and New York in 1782. 74 years on from being liberated, he talks about the unspeakable acts of barbarism he witnessed first hand and how he survived the death camp. The British faced serious challenges in stabilising conditions in the camp and implementing a medical response to the crisis. You can use this work for any purpose, as long as it is not primarily intended for or directed to commercial advantage or monetary compensation. The Hungarians and SS guards still on the site, along with other German prisoners of war, were made to help. 1900s By early 1945, prisoners would sometimes go without food for days; fresh water was also in short supply. It was a stable block that had been converted into a decontamination centre where former prisoners would be washed, deloused and given clean clothing before being transferred to hospital. Glyn Hughes: The British Officer Who Liberated Bergen-Belsen The "prisoners' camp," also in operation from April 1943 until April 1945, consisted of the initial "prisoner's camp," the "recuperation camp" (Erholungslager), the "tent camp" (Zeltlager), the "small women's camp" (Kleines Frauenlager), and the "large women's camp" (Grosses Frauenlager). British forces liberated Bergen-Belsen on 15 April 1945. Piles of corpses of various sizes were lying all over the camp and dead were found too in overcrowded huts, among the living. In the audio clips below, British servicemen and relief workers talk about and reflect on their experiences during and immediately after the liberation of Bergen-Belsen. History Bergen Belsen - stiftung-ng.de List of British generals and brigadiers - Wikipedia And into the hut you went and it was designed, I think, to take about 60 soldiers. 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in Qubec in 1776. Initially, his superiors in London refused to believe it and would not broadcast it. 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1776 (Georgia). IWM needs your help to continue the preservation of these dynamic and innovative galleries for years to come. The discovery of the Bergen-Belsen camp and the horrendous conditions there made on powerful impact on public opinion in Great Britain and elsewhere. Many of the soldiers who first entered the camp were desperate to try and alleviate the prisoners' starvation by giving them army rations. 20th (The East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in Qubec in 1776. And our Troop, which was C Troop, were the first up there to enter the gates. This is a list of British soldiers in the American Revolutionary War. One woman who certainly still remembers Leonard is Nanette Konig-Blitz, a Dutch Jew. Gilbert King was a gunner attached to 249 (Oxfordshire Yeomanry) Battery of the 63rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, which was the first British military unit to go into Bergen-Belsen on 15 April. Necropolis lire en Ebook, Pahor - livre numrique Savoirs Religions Liberation Of The Concentration Camps WW2 - The Holocaust | IWM 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers): Arrived in Qubec in 1773. Despite these efforts, a further 14,000 people died after the camp'sliberation. Yet they were deeply shocked by what they witnessed at the camp. Returned to England in 1782. 45 defendants, Nazi functionaries who had served in Bergen-Belsen or in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, sat in a 3-tiered dock. They were supported by Light Cavalry and Heavy Artillery. Rediscovering Richard III with Matt Lewis, Rome and the Amalfi Coast with Tristan Hughes. An 11th Armoured Division Challenger tankcarrying infantry after crossing the Weser,7 April 1945. More than 13,000 former prisoners, too ill to recover, died after liberation. He called for help from experts and pressed into service any able assistants, including local German nurses. Belsen-Hohne DP (Displaced Persons) Camp - '45 Aid Society Those in America fought at Sunbury, Savannah, Augusta, Briar Creek, Mobile, Baton Rouge, and surrendered during the Siege of Pensacola. Would there be any record of his service? Bunker Hill, New York Campaign, Philadelphia Campaign, Brandywine, and Germantown; sent to the West Indies in 1778. The Belsen Trial gave the world its first real glimpse of the fathomless horror of the Holocaust. After Soviet troops liberated Majdanek in July 1944, they proceeded to liberate camps throughout Eastern Europe, including Auschwitz in January 1945. More than 13,000 corpses in various stages of decomposition lay littered around the camp. Meeting between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Henry Morgenthau Jr. Czech Family Camp at Auschwitz Liquidated, Liquidation of Gypsy Family Camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Allied Troops Encounter Natzweiler-Struthof, Himmler Orders Demolition of Auschwitz Gas Chambers and Crematoria, US Troops Capture Ludendorff Railroad Bridge at Remagen, Evacuation of Prisoners from Sachsenhausen, Page 1 of Letter from US Soldier Aaron Eiferman, US Prosecutor Jackson Delivers Opening Statement to International Military Tribunal, New Directive on Immigrant Visas to the US, Media Essay The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain) - Photograph, Series Liberation of Nazi Camps: Encountering and Documenting Atrocities. 2 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the liberation of concentration camps and the end of Nazi tyranny in Europe. Between May 1943 and April 15, 1945, between 36,400 and 37,600 prisoners died in Bergen-Belsen. There were more than 60,000 emaciated prisoners in desperate need of sustenance and medical attention. Perhaps you can help direct me to a source of information about Phillip White who was a British light dragoon stationed in the Salem/Lynn/Boston area around 1755-1760. Absolutely wonderful site. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW 15th (The Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot: Arrived in America in 1776 (North Carolina). The Hell that was Bergen-Belsen - History of Sorts The military courts British officers and judge advocate would bend over backward to allow them to mount their defense. Charleston. Get time period newsletters, special offers and weekly programme release emails. Liberation of Holocaust Concentration Camp Belsen by The British (1945 As it drove into Germany, the 11th Armoured Division occupied theBergen-Belsen concentration campon April 15, 1945, pursuant to an April 12 agreement with the retreating Germans to surrender the camp peacefully. All of his relatives were killed; only Max survived to see VE day and eventual liberation. As prisoners evacuated from the east continued to arrive, the camp population soared to over 60,000 by April 15, 1945. Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp - Wikipedia The Armys relationship with the local Germans also improved. It was very emotional.". 'But to me the name Belsen after that was shocking. The brigade was presented with a 'Fahnenband' by the local German military commander on behalf of his nation,markingalong period of friendship. Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) terms and conditions, Royal Army Medical Corps Muniments Collection, List of British Army, Red Cross, etc., units at Belsen Concentration Camp, May 1945, with an account of achievements in clearing the camp and nursing its inmates, produced for the benefit of newly-arrived British army personnel RAMC/1502, List of British Army, Red Cross, etc., units at Belsen Concentration Camp, May 1945, with an account of achievements in clearing the camp and nursing its inmates, produced for the benefit of newly-arrived British army personnel, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.

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