At the same time, the remedy must give effect not only to the separation of powers underlying the Speech or Debate Clause but also to the sovereign's interest under Article II, Section 3 in law enforcement. Fax: (202) 225-2908 at 15-16, and that any violation of the privilege does not deprive the Executive of the right to retain all non-privileged materials within the scope of the search warrant. Subsequently, the court allowed the Executive to review seized materials that the Congressman has conceded on remand are not privileged under the Speech or Debate Clause. Order of Nov. 14, 2006. Visit https://www.usbg.govfor more information about visiting the U.S. Botanic Garden. It found no functional difference between compelling a Member to be questioned orally and compelling him to produce documents in response to a subpoena. at 418 (italics omitted), the court held that [a] party is no more entitled to compel congressional testimony-or production of documents-than it is to sue congressmen, id. 2167 RHOB (Transportation and Infrastructure Committee) Cf. Thus, our opinion in Brown & Williamson makes clear that a key purpose of the privilege is to prevent intrusions in the legislative process and that the legislative process is disrupted by the disclosure of legislative material, regardless of the use to which the disclosed materials are put. On May 26, 2006, at 10:30 am local time, there were reports of the sounds of gunfire in the garage of the building. Pedestrian tunnels also connect the Rayburn building to the Capitol and to the Longworth House Office Building. The Speech or Debate Clause protects against the compelled disclosure of privileged documents to agents of the Executive, but not the disclosure of non-privileged materials. Contrary to the Executive's understanding on appeal, it is incorrect to suggest that Congressman Jefferson's position is that he was entitled to prior notice of the search warrant before its execution, without regard to the Executive's interests in law enforcement. 2614, to the existence of criminal proceedings against persons other than Members of Congress at least suggest that the testimonial privilege might be less stringently applied when inconsistent with a sovereign interest. Brown & Williamson, 62 F.3d at 419-20. Where the Clause applies its protection is absolute. Conservatory Visitors with official business appointments may enter the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center beginning at 7:15 a.m. House Office Buildings (Cannon, Ford, Longworth, Rayburn) 2614, 33 L.Ed.2d 583 (1972). o Longworth Take elevators to the basement level and follow signs to Cannon or Rayburn. House Complex Live Locations | Radio TV Gallery These non-case agents' reviewed the records in Rep. Jefferson's office only to determine if they [were] responsive to the list of items in the warrant, thereafter deliver[in] the seized records to the Filter Teams. Cf. The gym is below the sub-basement level, in a level of the underground parking garage, and according to The Hill, a newspaper focused on Capitol Hill, "features dozens of cardio machines outfitted with TV screens, an array of Cybex weightlifting machines and free weights. Committees Committee and Subcommittee Assignments. 1619, 48 L.Ed.2d 71 (1976). 2614.9 The core activity protected by the Clause-speech in either chamber of the Congress-is a public act. For detailed information about the many services available and/or questions, please visit https://www.aoc.gov/accessibility-services or contact OCAS at (202) 224-4048 (Voice) or (202) 224-4049 (TTY). Notwithstanding the search warrant sought only unprivileged records, Rep. Jefferson's congressional office, as the warrant itself manifests,5 also contained records, paper and electronic, of legislative acts to which the Clause's protection extends. Const., art. 1512(c)(1); Count 16, Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization, Pattern of Racketeering Activity (RICO), id. The warrant includes special procedures in order to minimize the likelihood that any potentially politically sensitive, non-responsive items in the Office will be seized by identify[ing] information that may fall within the purview of the Speech or Debate Clause or any other pertinent privilege. Warrant Aff. Includes site before construction; demolition of Wonders Court, apartment houses, commercial and government buildings, and garages. at 659. 2113 (Rayburn), 432 F.Supp.2d 100, 116 (D.D.C.2006) (A federal judge is not a mere rubber stamp in the warrant process, but rather an independent and neutral official sworn to uphold and defend the Constitution.). Any questions should be directed to the administrators of this or any other specific sites. 654; it is of no moment that the indictment was filed in another district, id. Speaker's Office Balcony Hallway Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge ROGERS. Reliance by the Executive and the district court on Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 566-67, 98 S.Ct. According to the affidavit, these procedures were designed: (1) to minimize the likelihood that any potentially politically sensitive, non-responsive items in the Office will be seized and provided to the [p]rosecution [t]eam, Thibault Aff. This particular search needlessly disrupted the functioning of the Congressman's office by allowing agents of the Executive to view legislative materials without the Congressman's consent, even though a search of a congressional office is not prohibited per se. Note: Last entry is at 4:30 p.m.Closed to the public on Sundays, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. See Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Williams, 62 F.3d 408, 420 (D.C.Cir.1995). FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. For example, in Brewster, a case involving the criminal prosecution of a Member, the Supreme Court described the violation of the Clause that occurred in United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 86 S.Ct. Room No. House Triangle (East Front) Id. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 201(b)(2)(A); Counts 5 to 10, Scheme to Deprive Citizens of Honest Services by Wire Fraud, id. HSEMA, on behalf of the USCP, may target specific, nearby neighborhood user groups, such as the Capitol Hill user group, with important information. Rayburn House Office Building See Appellant's Br. The filter team would make similar determinations with respect to the data on the copied computer hard drives, following an initial electronic screening by the FBI's Computer Analysis and Response Team. Currently, Immuno-Mycologics, Inc. 2059 Rayburn House Office Building Contact us. 2020 RHOB (Ways and Means Committee) at 81 (describing filtering procedures for paper records); id. There are a variety of services available to people visiting the Capitol and to those visiting online. Sam Rayburn History: Mr. Speaker and I, 6, cl. Although the Supreme Court in Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 558, 97 S.Ct. Most important, to construe the Speech or Debate Clause as providing an absolute privilege against a seizure of non-privileged materials essential to the Executive's enforcement of criminal statutes pursuant to Article II, Section 3 on no more than a generalized claim that the separation of powers demands no less would, as the Supreme Court has observed, albeit as to a qualified privilege, upset the constitutional balance of a workable government. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 707, 94 S.Ct. Art. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with FindLaw's newsletter for legal professionals. This is an appeal from the denial of a motion, filed pursuant to Rule 41(g) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, seeking the return of all materials seized by the Executive upon executing a search warrant for non-legislative materials in the congressional office of a sitting Member of Congress. As [d]iscovery procedures can prove just as intrusive as naming Members or their staffs as parties to a suit, id. Id. Gravel makes unmistakably clear that a Member-not just a staffer-is subject to criminal liability and process, see, e.g., Gravel, 408 U.S. at 626, 92 S.Ct. 2141 RHOB (Judiciary Committee) According to the brief for the Executive, the Office of the Deputy Attorney General directed an immediate freeze on any review of the seized materials. Its shield does not extend beyond what is necessary to preserve the integrity of the legislative process, Brewster, 408 U.S. at 517, and it does not prohibit inquiry into illegal conduct simply because it has some nexus to legislative functions, id. 7. at 37. Some site content requires additional applications or browser plug-ins. 163, 52 L.Ed. The attached affidavit of Special Agent Timothy R. Thibault of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) described how the apparent victim of a fraud and bribery scheme who had come forward as a cooperating witness led to an investigation into bribery of a public official, wire fraud, bribery of a foreign official, and conspiracy to commit these crimes. It In order to determine whether the documents were responsive to the search warrant, FBI agents had to review all of the papers in the Congressman's office, of which some surely related to legislative acts. WebWashington, DC Office. With respect to our precedent, moreover, the government asserts that Brown & Williamson itself distinguished between civil subpoenas and criminal proceedings, and limited its holding to the former. Id. Answering a civil subpoena requires the individual subpoenaed to affirmatively act; he either produces the testimony/documents sought or challenges the subpoena's validity. RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING, ROOM 2113, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515, Appellant. Valley Fever Task Force The Filter Teams consisted of FBI agents with no prior role or connection to the investigation of Rep. Jefferson and whose roles in the investigation [were] confined to review [ing] the records seized from the Office to validate that they are responsive to the list contained in the warrant. See SA at 54-74. Accordingly, we hold that a search that allows agents of the Executive to review privileged materials without the Member's consent violates the Clause. 2. Task Force Co-chairs Leader McCarthy and Rep. Schweikert hold press conference to announce NIH trial studying the efficacy of Fluconazole in treating Valley Fever at Banner University Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona on October 17, 2016. Steak n Shake is located adjacent to the Rayburn Cafeteria. at 665-66, thereby potentially depriving the Executive Branch of records bearing on criminality, it is a suggestion I categorically reject. 13. Room No. For months, the government repeatedly tried and failed-due in part to Rep. Jefferson's invocation of his Fifth Amendment right-to obtain records in his congressional office via a series of subpoena duces tecum. Gravel's holding that the Clause does not immunize Senator or aide from testifying at trials or grand jury proceedings involving third-party crimes is replete with observations that the Clause provides no protection for criminal conduct performed at the direction of the [Member] or done without his knowledge by an aide. First St., and C St., S.W. The Rayburn House Office Building, completed in early 1965, is the third of three office buildings constructed for the United States House of Representatives. The design of the building is a modified H plan with four stories above ground, two basements, and three levels of underground garage space. 62 F.3d at 419-20 (distinguishing Gravel's criminal context from civil subpoena). Open 10:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. daily, including all weekends and holidays.National Garden In defining the protections afforded by the Clause, the Supreme Court has limited the scope to conduct that is an integral part of the due functioning of the legislative process. United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 513, 92 S.Ct. 367, 92 L.Ed. The court instructed the district court to: (1) copy and provide the copies of all the seized documents to the Congressman; (2) using the copies of computer files made by [the Executive], search for the terms listed in the warrant, and provide a list of responsive records to Congressman Jefferson; (3) provide the Congressman an opportunity to review the records and, within two days, to submit, ex parte, any claims that specific documents are legislative in nature; and (4) review in camera any specific documents or records identified as legislative and make findings regarding whether the specific documents or records are legislative in nature. Remand Order at 1. 657-61. The Supreme Court has not spoken to the precise issue at hand. See Amicus Br. See Warrant Aff. See Appellee's Br. HVC-201 A&B The Office of Congressional Accessibility Services (OCAS) provides a variety of services for individuals with disabilities. Recognizing the strength of these constitutional interests, the Supreme Court limited the scope of executive privilege-which is unquestionably a confidentiality rule-by permitting in camera judicial review of executive records to meet [t]he need to develop all relevant facts in a criminal prosecution. They include 18 U.S.C. Building Access & Hours | United States Capitol Police [T]he physical search of the Office [was] conducted by Special Agents [with] no substantive role in the investigation of Rep. Jefferson. [1] Congressional leaders inserted a gymnasium into the building plans, a fact that was not publicly known at the time of construction. Capitol Visitor Center - Main entrance at First and East Capitol streets. at 36. at 660. U.S. Spectrum Allocation Needs Reform: Lessons From the C 9. In re 3021 6th Ave. N., Billings, MT v. United States, 237 F.3d 1039, 1041 (9th Cir.2001). Given this purpose, we concluded that the Clause permit[s] Congress to insist on the confidentiality of investigative files and therefore barred enforcement of the subpoena. 749, 15 L.Ed.2d 681 (1966)-another criminal case-as arising from the use of evidence of a legislative act to support the indictment. If you have any questions, feel free to email us. Leader McCarthy and Congressman Schweikert spoke with Valley Fever Researchers and patients to receive an update on the spreading fungal disease. They will open 30 minutes prior to the session and will remain open until adjournment each day. Open to the public Monday Friday, 7:30 a.m. 7:00 p.m.(Doors close at 5:00 p.m. when House is in recess)Senate Office Buildings (Dirksen, Hart, Russell) My colleagues qualify Brown & Williamson's reference to Gravel, noting it [was] not a Member who [was] subject to criminal proceedings or process in Gravel. Web2216 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 Phone: 202-225-4151 Fax: The Galleries will open 30 minutes prior to the beginning of the session. 2531, 33 L.Ed.2d 507 (1972) (emphasis added). Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Republicans 2321 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 Phone: 202-225-6371 Fax: 202-226-0113 Center Steps Hallway Area 11. The district court found probable cause for issuance of the search warrant and signed it on May 18, 2006, directing the search to occur on or before May 21 and the U.S. Capitol Police to provide immediate access to Room 2113. Letter from Robert P. Trout, supra note 2. 572, 57 L.Ed. (bribery of foreign official) and 18 U.S.C. See 62 F.3d at 419. Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C. All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 September 2022, at 22:26. The affiant asserted that the Executive had exhausted all other reasonable methods to obtain these records in a timely manner. UNITED STATES v. RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING ROOM 2113 WASHINGTON 20515. He argued, inter alia, that the issuance and execution of the search warrant violated the Speech or Debate Clause and sought an order enjoining FBI and Justice Department review or inspection of the seized materials. Essentially, the procedures called for the FBI agents conducting the search to have no substantive role in the investigation and upon reviewing and removing materials from Room 2113, not to reveal politically sensitive or non-responsive items inadvertently seen during the course of the search. Id. Rayburn Horseshoe Entrance. Decided: August 03, 2007 Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, and HENDERSON and ROGERS, Circuit Judges. On the other hand, limiting the law enforcement tools that may be used to investigate Members does undermine the legitimate needs of the judicial process, specifically, the primary constitutional duty of the Judicial Branch to do justice in criminal prosecutions. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 707. In order to maximize accessibility, this site has been designed to conform with: House.gov includes code and content provided by third parties. In the meantime, the court enjoined the Executive from reviewing any of the seized documents pending further order of this court. Brown & Williamson, 62 F.3d at 416. These services include adaptive tours of the Capitol building, wheelchair loans, and interpreting services for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Visitors wanting to watch the proceedings of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate in person should follow the guidance below. The cornerstone was laid in May 1962, and full occupancy began in February 1965. Our district encompasses most of Seattle The parties disagree on precisely when that should occur and what effect any violation of the Member's Speech or Debate rights should have. Committee on Education and the Workforce. Quite the contrary is true. Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606, 626, 92 S.Ct. Fields v. Office of Eddie Bernice Johnson, 459 F.3d 1, 13-16 (D.C.Cir.2006) (affirming denial of Member's motion to dismiss on Speech or Debate Clause ground but noting that even [w]hen the Clause does not preclude suit altogether, it may preclude some relevant evidence) (en banc), cert. House Galleries: When the House is in session, the Galleries will be open to Members of Congress who personally escort guests to the Galleries. 2531. Finally, the government repeatedly emphasizes the consequences for law enforcement if a non-disclosure rule is recognized in the criminal context. Indeed, the application accompanying the warrant contemplated it. July 28, 2006). Additionally, with respect to concern about future actions by the Executive, this is the only time in this Nation's history that the Executive has searched the office of a sitting Member of Congress. Office assignments 1962(c). at 420-21. Office Locations | Representative Tony Gonzales Complete Directory . at 660, the government expressly argues that [t]he execution of a search warrant is far removed from the core concerns animating the Clause, Appellee's Br. How that accommodation is to be achieved is best determined by the legislative and executive branches in the first instance.5 ALTHOUGH THE COURT has acknowledged, where it is not a member who is subject to criminal proceedings, that the privilege might be less stringently applied when inconsistent with a sovereign interest, see Brown & Williamson, 62 F.3d at 419-20; supra note 4, this observation has no bearing here and is relevant, if at all, to the question of remedy for a violation, not the determination of whether a violation has occurred. 1425, 18 L.Ed.2d 577 (1967)); see also Johnson, 383 U.S. at 179, 86 S.Ct. There is no indication that the Executive did not act based on a good faith interpretation of the law, as reflected in the district court's prior approval and later defense of the special procedures set forth in the warrant affidavit. The compelled disclosure of legislative materials to FBI agents executing the search warrant was not unintentional but deliberate-a means to uncover responsive non-privileged materials. 2175 RHOB (Education and the Workforce Committee) Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338, 359-60, 97 S.Ct. I, 6, cl. Execution of the warrant necessarily required the FBI agents to separate unprivileged responsive records from privileged records of legislative acts. 06-3105 (D.C.Cir. Rayburn House Office Building However, this court has. If you have any difficulty viewing any page with adaptive technology, please contact us so that we can improve this website. In the same vein, the court indicated that the degree of disruption caused by probing into legislative acts is immaterial, id. WebThe Architect estimated that the cost to June 30, 1966 (believed to be the estimated cost to completion), would be $98,209,685, including $8,955,685 for the subway between the Capitol and the Rayburn Building and for the pedestrian tunnels between the Longworth and Ray- 2113, Washington, D.C. 20515, 434 F.Supp.2d 3 (D.D.C.2006). Today, Congressman McCarthy, as Co-Chair of the Congressional Valley Fever Task Force, along with 16 of his colleagues in the House, sent a letter to National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins in support of grant funding to help move a Valley Fever diagnostic tool into primary care settings, such as the family doctors office. The warrant affidavit also described special procedures adopted by the Justice Department prosecutors overseeing the investigation. at 660, in Brown & Williamson we relied heavily on the Clause's purpose-shielding the legislative process from disruption-in reading the Clause's prohibition of question[ing] broadly to protect the confidentiality, see Brown & Williamson, 62 F.3d at 417-21, of records from the reach of a civil subpoena. Id. Rayburn House Office Building | Architect of the Capitol However, in Zurcher, the Supreme Court did not address whether a particular search was invalid because it was unconstitutional in its design and implementation; nor did it involve a privilege that absolutely shields records from non-voluntary disclosure. We declared that [d]ocumentary evidence can certainly be as revealing as oral communications, providing clues as to what Congress is doing, or might be about to do, id. See In re Search of Law Office, 341 F.3d at 414 & n. 49 (holding that district court must find at the very least, a substantial showing of irreparable harm in order to suppress seized evidence under Rule 41(e), citing G.M. Further, as contemplated by the warrant affidavit, see Thibault Aff. WebOffice Room Phone Committee Assignment; D'Esposito, Anthony: New York 4th : R : 1508 at 14, 62-63, that no FBI agent or other Executive agent has seen any electronic document that, upon adjudication of the Congressman's claim of privilege, may be determined by the district court to be privileged legislative material. CVC-200 (Congressional Auditorium), Cannon Rotunda 749 (Clause protect[s] [the legislature] against possible prosecution by an unfriendly executive and conviction by a hostile judiciary). 2531, 33 L.Ed.2d 507 (1972). Three days later, the court remanded the record to the district court to make findings regarding which, if any, documents (physical or electronic) removed from [the] Congressman['s] office pursuant to a search warrant executed on May 20, 2006, are records of legislative acts. Order of July 28, 2006 (Remand Order). 2128 RHOB (Financial Services) 139. at 419; see also MINPECO, S.A. v. Conticommodity Servs., Inc., 844 F.2d 856, 860 (D.C.Cir.1988). Phone: (202) 225-4511. The execution of a valid search warrant is an exercise of executive power, United States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 126 S.Ct. See id. Find event and ticket information. As our court has noted, the touchstone of the Clause is interference with legislative activities, see Brown & Williamson, 62 F.3d at 421; the Clause is therefore designed to protect Congressmen not only from the consequences of litigation's results but also from the burden of defending themselves' for their legislative actions, Helstoski v. Meanor, 442 U.S. 500, 508, 99 S.Ct. The considerations voiced by our concurring colleague and the district court may demonstrate good faith by the Executive, but they fail to adhere to this court's interpretation of the scope of the testimonial privilege under the Speech or Debate Clause, much less to the Supreme Court's interpretation of what constitutes core legislative activities, see Brewster, 408 U.S. at 526, and the history of the Clause. Kevin was first elected to Congress in 2006 and is a native of Bakersfield and a fourth-generation Kern County resident. Johnson v. United States, 228 U.S. 457, 458, 33 S.Ct. Applying these principles, we conclude that the Congressman is entitled, as the district court may in the first instance determine pursuant to the Remand Order, to the return of all materials (including copies) that are privileged legislative materials under the Speech or Debate Clause. Beginning on Saturday night, May 20, more than a dozen FBI agents spent about 18 hours in Room 2113. 1153 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring)). The fact that the prosecution has commenced will afford adequate opportunity to challenge the constitutionality of the search of his office, and hence there is now no danger that the [Executive] might retain [the Congressman's] property indefinitely without any opportunity to assert on appeal his right to possession; hence there is no basis upon which to grant piecemeal review of [his further] claim [for non-privileged materials]. United States v. Search Warrant for 405 N. Wabash, Suite 3109, 736 F.2d 1174, 1176 (7th Cir.1984). (former counsel to the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate and scholars) at 28-29 (same). Navigating Capitol Hill at 626. at 415 (quoting Eastland v. U.S. Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491, 502, 95 S.Ct. 278 (1908) (quoting King v. Willkes, 2 Wils. The House Galleries are closed when the House is out of session and during all Pro Forma sessions. See generally 15B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure 3918.4 (2d ed.1992). 919 (1913) (under Fifth Amendment [a] party is privileged from producing the evidence, but not from its production). The Executive and the district court appear to have proceeded on the premise that the scope of the privilege narrows when a search warrant is at issue. WebThe entrance to the Rayburn House Office Building is on Independence Avenue. 3090, 41 L.Ed.2d 1039 (1974); Moody v. IRS, 654 F.2d 795, 799 (D.C.Cir.1981). 2614. Compare Amicus Br. To the extent the majority suggests that-if a Member can show disruption of his legislative activities-the government may be required to return non-privileged material to remedy a violation of the Clause, Maj. Op. Our concurring colleague takes much the same approach, failing to distinguish between the lawfulness of searching a congressional office pursuant to a search warrant and the lawfulness of the manner in which the search is executed in view of the protections afforded against compelled disclosure of legislative materials by the Speech or Debate Clause. Warrant Aff. 8. at 709. Materials determined by the filter team not to be privileged would be turned over to the prosecution team, with copies to the Congressman's attorney within ten business days of the search. 2200 RHOB (Foreign Affairs Committee) However, while the interior design of the other House Office Buildings retains decor one would expect to see in House Office Buildings (with cherry wood paneling, brass railings, and marble floors), the Rayburn building possesses design style parallel to that of the 1960s, with chrome push bars, clocks, and elevators, and space-age fluorescent lighting fixtures. Studio B Senator Martha McSally (R-AZ), Congressman and Congressional Valley Fever Task Force Co-Chair David Schweikert (AZ-06), Congresswoman Karen Bass (CA-37), Congressman Greg Stanton (AZ-09), and U.S. Today, Congressman Kevin McCarthy, Co-Chairman of the Congressional Valley Fever Task Force, introduced H.R. On July 11, 2006, Congressman Jefferson filed a notice of appeal and a motion for a stay pending appeal. Contrary to the majority's assertion that [t]he Executive does not argue that the Clause's bar on compelled disclosure does not apply in the criminal as well as the civil context, Maj. Op. 210 CHOB (Budget Committee) There is no dispute that the issuance of the search warrant for Rep. Jefferson's congressional office does not violate the Clause. Contact Congresswoman Barragan - Nanette Barragn 1382, 146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000); see also Legal Assistance for Vietnamese Asylum Seekers v. Dep't of State, 74 F.3d 1308, 1311 (D.C.Cir.

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